vi HISTORICAL NOTE. education, diseases, industrial training, moral and intellectual capacity, pauperism, and crime; and an estimate of the probable fate if the person questioned. With this as a guide to inquiry the tour of the county jails was made in the summer of 1874. "The Jukes" and a "Further Study of Criminals" resulted. The author of "The Jukes" became so interested in this subject that practically all the expense of his investigation was borne by him. After the publication of the two studies on criminals, Dugdale read a paper on "Heredity pauperism as illustrated in the Juke family" at the conference of charities held in connection with the general meeting of the American Social Science Association at Saratoga, New York, in September 1877. Mr. Dugdale then published several short essays in the Westminster Review, the Atlantic Monthly, and the North American Review. One of these, "The Origin of Crime in Society" (Atlantic Monthly, 48 and 49), traces the development of crime from savagery to civilization, discusses the factors which produce it, and reaches the conclusion that prison treatment does not cure crime. Among other things, Dugdale suggests that the true function of a prison is for the permanent retention of murderers and those committing violent crimes. Dugdale did much literary work for the organizations of which he was a member. Shepard, in "The Work of a Social Teacher," says that "his literary style was attractive, nervous, and vigorous." He had "a considerate deference to the opinion and studies of other men, and with a modest and continuous acknowledgment of the large extent and complex nature of the problems upon which he was engaged, always forbidding, as they did, narrow and dogmatic assertions." In 1880, Dugdale was chosen secretary for the newly formed Society for Political Education. This society was founded by R. R. Bowker, E. M. Shepard, A. E. Walradt, David A. Wells, W. C. Ford, George H. Putnam, and William M. Ivins, of New York City. These men founded this society in the belief "that the success of the government depends on the active political influence of educated intelligence, and that parties are means, not ends." This society issued many pamphlets on political questions of the day, including taxation, work and wealth, civil service reform and money and its substitutes. Dugdale died on July 23, 1883, at his residence, 4 Morton Street, New York City, made familiar by him as the office of the Society for Political Education. The same heart disease which had followed him through life caused his death. Mr. R. R. Bowker, who knew Dugdale well, says that he was a modest man of frail physique. He was thin, of fair height, spare, and always abstemious. He was not of striking personal appearance, but on the contrary had almost no presence. He was rather reticent about his early life, saying his own personality and life were of no import. He was unpretentious but efficient, and gave all his time to altruistic work. Mr. George Haven Putnam, the publisher, said" Dugdale was a man of exaggerated unselfishness, and extreme modesty, and in a discussion would rather assent to the other person's opinion than force his own. He entirely lacked personal ambition." In his "Memories of a Publisher" (pp. 171, 172) Mr. Putnam writes: Dugdale was an Englishman who had inherited a small competency that saved him from giving daily hours to business work. He had large ideals for the education of the community. He had convinced himself, as many other public-spirited men have convinced themselves, that if representative government is not to be a force, the fighting power must be in the hands of voters who possess adequate information in regard to the issues to be decided from election to election, and who possess further a sufficient training to utilize such information and to arrive at an intelligent judgment for their action as citizens. Dugdale had a great belief in the influence of reasonable argument. He thought that the voters of a community could be educated to a public-spirited understanding of its duties by means of tracts, monographs, political sermons, etc." Dugdale was much attached to his sister, Jane Margaret, an invalid. He was never attracted to other women, and was very shy and retiring in their presence. The older sister, Agnes, and the mother died before he did. Jane suvived him a short time, dying August 27, 1884. Jane Dugdale, by her will, gave all her residuary estate to four persons to form a corporation to be known as the "Richard L. Dugdale Fund for the Promotion in the United States of Sound Political Knowledge and Opinions." The committee which received this property consisted of Messrs. Bowker, Ford, and Shepard. For some years the bequest and its income were used for purposes of that character and on January 30, 1900, the balance ($1,311.72) was turned over to the New York Public Library with a request that it should be expended for books on sociological and economic subjects, the fund to be known as the Richard L. Dugdale Fund. With this money about a thousand books on economic subjects have been purchased by the library and are now on its shelves: a small but fitting memorial to one who gave, without seeking or obtaining any adequate recognition, his best years and most fruitful labor to the service of humanity. [end]