78 The Jukes in 1915. XXII. Social Damage. Dugdale estimated a loss to society of $1,250,000 by the Juke family from 1800 to 1875, not including the drink bill. The loss to society caused by mental deficiency, crime, prostitution, syphilis, and pauperism of these 2,800 people is now estimated at $2,093,685. If the drink bill is added, this total becomes $2,516,685. It is estimated that $648,000 of pension money has been paid to the Jukes. Much, if not most of this, has been spent for whisky and the rest has furnished support which in most cases would otherwise have been furnished by pauper relief. To counterbalance this cost, the earnings of V 106, VI 89, and VI 140 total $160,000, and some of the other Jukes are self-supporting, but the earning power of the few industrious Jukes can not overbalance this deficit to society. [tabular material] Table 16. - Financial estimate of cost of Jukes to society. (Statement modeled after that of Dugdale, for comparison with his.) Total number of persons. . .2,820 Number of pauperized adults. . .366 Cost of almshouse relief, $150 per year. . .&$70,200 Cost of outdoor relief. . .&[superior 1]13,510 Number of criminals. . .171 Years of imprisonment. . .375 Cost of maintenance, at $200 per year. . .& 75,000 Cost of Willett-Lillie murder. . .& 13,000 Number of arrests and trials. . .300 Cost, $100 each . . .& 30,000 Number of habitual thieves. . .80 Number of years of depredation, at 12 years each. . .960 Cost, at $120 per year. . .& 12,000 Number of lives sacrificed by murder. . .10 Value, $1,200 each. . .& 12,000 Number of prostitutes. . .175 Average number of years of debauch. . .15 Total number of years of debauch. . .2,625 Cost of maintenance, at $300 per year. . .& 787,500 Number of women specifically diseased. . .55 Average number of men each woman contaminated with permanent disease. . .10 Total men contaminated. . .550 Wives contaminated by above men. . .55 Total number of persons contaminated. . .660 Cost of treatment rest of life, $50 each. . .& 33,000 Loss of wages by 550 men, 3 years each. . .1,650 Loss, at $400 per year. . .& 660,000 Total number of years lost from productive industry by courtesans, 5 years each. . .875 Loss, at $125 per year. . .& 109,375 Loss in curtailment of life of 660 people, equivalent to 65 people, at $1,200. . .& 78,000 Aggregate of children who died prematurely. . .378 Cash cost, $50 each child. . .& 18,900 Number of prosecutions in bastardy. . .40 Cost, at $100 each . . .& 4,000 Cost of property destroyed in brawls. . .& 20,000 Capital in brothels. . .6,000 Compound interest, 26 years, at 6 per cent. . .& 18,000 Charity distributed by church. . .& 20,000 Charity obtained by begging. . .& 10,000 Total. . .2,093,685 Drink bill, 282 intemperate, losing an average of $50 per year for 30 years. . .&423,000 Grand total. . . 2,516,685 Note: Pension money paid to Jukes as Civil Ward soldiers or soldier's widows. . .$648,000 Note: Total earnings of 3 productive Jukes: Earnings of V 106. . .$100,000 Earnings of VI 140. . .10,000 Earnings of VI 89 . . .50,000 Total earnings of 3 well-to-do Jukes. . .160,000 [superior 1] This figure is based on estimate of Dugdale on page 29. XXIII. Conditions Under Which Improved Individuals or Strains of Jukes Have Arisen. Case 1, Hannibal, V 106. Maternal side. - The mother was a Juke, Augusta, IV 17, and ignorant but hard-working woman described by Dugdale in the words: "Constitutional syphilis; at 30, o. relief, 3 y.; husband dies; 34, charges bastardy on her cousin who married her; girl born; 41 o. relief, 1 y." Augusta was one of a fraternity of 8 described by Dugdale; all had syphilis; four sisters were harlots, 1 an idiot, and 1 [begin italics]bore a good reputation[end italics.]. The only brother was a laborer and [begin italics]temperate[end italics]. Their father, in turn, was indolent and licentious in youth, but their mother [begin italics]bore a good reputation and was from the best of the Juke sisters.[end italics] We see that there are some good individuals in this branch of the family - some good traits to be inherited. Paternal side. - Hezekiah, IV 16, had consumption and died from this disease, as a pauper, at the age of 40 years. Nothing at all is known about his genetic tendencies; he was apparently not of Juke blood; this was therefore an out-marriage of the type that has generally conferred strength upon the offspring. Fraternity. - The propositus had a sister Nanchia, V 108, to whom fell the bad inheritance. She was a harlot, acquired syphilis, and had 2 illegitimate children, both of whom died; she was a waitress at a hotel. Environment. - The parents were both poor and received outdoor relief. While yet young, Hannibal was placed with a good family in the Juke region and learned the blacksmith trade. Traits. - Hannibal early showed an aptness for dickering, served through the Civil War, became an actor and was highly successful, but late became financially embarrassed and committed suicide at the age of 64, having feared, it is said, to take an anesthetic for an operation on an injured wrist. Comment. - There is an unfortunate absence of knowledge as to hereditary traits and, consequently, this can not be used to support an argument that good environment has transformed Juke into a successful actor. It is clear that at an early age the boy showed uncommon brightness and shrewdness. No doubt the good home helped him to use his capacities. These capacities, by the way, were rather of the emotional than of the intellectual type. Case 2, VI 140. Maternal side. - The mother, Amalia, V 39, "had brains enough, but used them in the wrong way." She was ignorant and intemperate, and for many years a harlot. Of her sibs, 3 sisters were harlots and 1 temperate but indigent; of the 3 brothers 2 were Juke-like but 1 was a carpenter, could read and write, and was [begin italics]a good, industrious citizen.[end italics] The mother of this sibship was a somewhat [begin italics]industrious, temperate[end italics] woman who became a prostitute while her husband (of outside blood) was in the State prison. The husband had some education, was formerly intemperate, and at 30 years served 2 years in State prison for forgery. [end]